# Lecture 12: $PoL$, $PoLR$, $PoC$ categories

Lecture 12

Preorders $S = (\underbrace{\vert S \vert}_{\text{set}}, \underbrace{≤_S}_{\text{refl. trans. rel. on } \vert S \vert})$

$ℐ(S) = \lbrace u ⊆ \vert S \vert \; \mid \; ∀ a ∈ u, \, ∀ a' ∈ \vert S \vert \quad a' ≤_S a ⟹ a' ∈ u\rbrace$
• $(ℐ(S), ⊆)$: lattice
• $C ⊆ ℐ(S)$
• $\bigcup C ∈ ℐ(S)$

PoL:

• Obj: preorders
• Morphisms: linear maps that commute with lubs for all $C ⊆ ℐ(S)$ (so $f$ monotone)
$\vert S ⊸ T \vert = \vert S \vert × \vert T \vert$ $(a,b) ≤_{S ⊸ T} (a', b') \text{ if } a ≥_S a' \text{ and } b ≤_T b'$

Th:

$tr: \begin{cases} PoL(S, T) &⟶ ℐ(S ⊸ T) \\ f &⟼ \lbrace (a, b) ∈ \vert S \vert × \vert T \vert \; \mid \; b ∈ f(↓ a)\rbrace \end{cases}\\ \\ fun: \begin{cases} ℐ(S ⊸ T) &⟶ PoL(S, T) \\ u &⟼ \lbrace b ∈ \vert T \vert \; \mid \; ∃ a ∈ u; (a,b) ∈ t\rbrace \end{cases}$

are such that:

$tr \circ fun = id\\ fun \circ tr = id$

And if $f, f’ ∈ PoL(S, T)$, then

$tr(f) ⊆ tr(f') ⟺ ∀ u ∈ ℐ(S), f(u) ⊆ f'(u)$

NB: it’s similar to stable functions that we have already seen

$PoLR$ is the cat

• Obj: Preorders
• $PolR(S, T) = ℐ(S ⊸ T)$

• relational composition:

$s ∈ PolR(S, T) \quad t ∈ PolR(T, U)\\ ts = \lbrace (a,c) \; \mid \; ∃ b; (a, b)∈ s, (b,c) ∈ t \rbrace\\ fun(ts) = fun(t) \circ fun(s)$
• identity:

$id_S \; ≝ \; \lbrace (a, a') ∈ \vert S \vert × \vert S \vert \; \mid \; a' ≤_S a\rbrace\\ fun(id_S): ℐ(S) ⟶ ℐ(S) \text{ is the identity}$

Fact: $fun$ and $tr$ define an isomorphism between $Pol$ and $PolR$

NB: in $PoL$, an iso $S ⟶ S’$ is a $f ∈ PoL(S, S’)$ which is a bijection.

$S ≅ S’$ and $S$ and $S’$ are quite different as preorders.

Ex: $1 ≅ \underbrace{(ℕ, ℕ × ℕ)}_{\; ≝ \; 1’}$

$ℐ(1') = \lbrace ∅, ℕ\rbrace\\ ℐ(1) = \lbrace ∅, \lbrace A \rbrace\rbrace$

A strong isomorphism from $S$ to $S’$ is a bijection

$θ: \vert S \vert ⟶ \vert S' \vert$

st $a ≤_S a' ⟺ θ(a) ≤_S θ(a')$

Then

$\widehat θ = \lbrace (a, a') ∈ \vert S \vert × \vert S' \vert \; \mid \; a' ≤_S θ(a) \rbrace ∈ ℐ(S ⊸ S')$ and $fun(\widehat θ)$ is an iso $S ⟶ S’$ in $PoL$.

$S ≃ S' \text{ strong isomorphism}$

Notation: $s ∈ PoLR(S, T), \; u ∈ ℐ(S)$:

$\underbrace{su}_{= \lbrace b ∈ \vert T \vert \; \mid \; ∃ a ∈ u; (a, b) ∈ s \rbrace} = fun(s)(u)$

## Tensor Product

$S_1 ⊗ S_2 = (\vert S_1 \vert × \vert S_1 \vert, ≤_{S_1} × ≤_{S_2})\\ (a_1, a_2) ≤_{S_1 ⊗ S_2} (a'_1, a'_2) \qquad \text{ if } a_i ≤_{S_i} a'_i \quad i = 1, 2$ $u_i ∈ ℐ(S_i) \quad \text{ for } i=1,2$ $u_1 ⊗ u_2 \; ≝ \; u_1 × u_2 ∈ ℐ(S_1 ⊗ S_2)$

Fact: if $t, t’ ∈ PolR(S_1 ⊗ S_2, T)$, then

$t=t' ⟺ ∀ u_i ∈ ℐ(S_i), t(u_1 ⊗ u_2) = t'(u_1 ⊗ u_2)$

Let $s_i ∈ PoLR(S_i, T_i)$ for $i=1, 2$.

$\underbrace{s_1 ⊗ s_2}_{\; ≝ \; \lbrace((a_1, a_2), (b_1, b_2)) \; \mid \; (a_i, b_i) ∈ s_i \quad i=1, 2\rbrace} ∈ PoLR(S_1 ⊗ S_2, T_1 ⊗ T_2)\\$

check that

$s_1 ⊗ s_2 ∈ ℐ((S_1 ⊗ S_2) ⊸ (T_1 ⊗ T_2))$
• $∀ u_i ∈ S_i$:

$(s_1 ⊗ s_2)(u_1 ⊗ u_2) = (s_1 u_1) ⊗ (s_2 u_2)$
• $∀ t_i ∈ PoLR(T_i, U_i)$:

$(t_1 s_1) ⊗ (t_2 s_2) = (t_1 ⊗ t_2)(s_1 ⊗ s_2)$

NB:

• in $PoL$: $ℐ(S_1 ⊗ S_2) = ℐ(S_1) × ℐ(S_2)/\sim$, where $(∅, u_2) \sim (u_1, ∅)$

• the analogy with linear algebra doesn’t go far:

• we can’t do changes of basis
• basis vectors are prime elements in order theory, whereas they have nothing special in linear algebra
$⊗: PoLR^2 ⟶ PoLR \text{ is a functor}$

(cf. picture)

### Symmetric monoidal structure

$1 \; ≝ \; (\lbrace \ast\rbrace, =)$

$\vert 1 ⊗ S \vert = \lbrace \ast\rbrace × \vert S \vert ≃ \vert S \vert \qquad \text{strong iso}$ $1 ⊗ S ≃ S \qquad \text{ so } 1 ⊗ S \overset{λ}{≅} S\\ S ⊗ 1 ≃ S \qquad \text{ so } S ⊗ 1 \overset{ρ}{≅} S\\ (S_1 ⊗ S_2) ⊗ S_3 ≃ S_1 ⊗ (S_2 ⊗ S_3) \qquad \text{ so } (S_1 ⊗ S_2) ⊗ S_3 \overset{α}{≅} S_1 ⊗ (S_2 ⊗ S_3)\\ S_1 ⊗ S_2 ≃ S_2 ⊗ S_1 \qquad \text{ so } S_1 ⊗ S_2 \overset{σ}{≅} S_2 ⊗ S_1$

All the required diagrams commute on the strong (left) side, and so the corresponding isos statisfy the required coherence properties.

⟹ $PoLR$ is a SMCC.

NB: If $f: ℐ(S_1) × ℐ(S_2) ⟶ ℐ(T)$ is bilinear, then we can define the bilinear trace:

$tr_2(f) \; ≝ \; \lbrace (a_1, a_2, b) \; \mid \; b ∈ f(↓a_1, ↓a_2) \rbrace$

$tr_2$ is a bij from $PoL_2(S_1, S_2; T)$ to $PoLR(S_1 ⊗ S_2, T)$

### PoLR is closed

with $(S ⊸ T, ev)$, as object of linear morphism

$ev ∈ PoLR((S ⊸ T) ⊗ S, T) \qquad ⊛ \\ ev \; ≝ \; \lbrace (((a, b), a'), b') ∈ ((\vert S \vert × \vert T \vert) × \vert S \vert) × \vert S \vert \; \mid \; b' ≤_T b \quad \text{ and } \quad a' ≥_S a\rbrace$

Facts:

1. $ev ∈ ℐ((S ⊸ T) ⊗ S ⊸ T)$ that is, $⊛$ holds
2. $ev(t ⊗ u) = tu$

3. If $s ∈ PoLR(U ⊗ S, T)$, then

$cur(s) \; ≝ \; \lbrace (a, (b, c)) \; \mid \; ((a, b), c) ∈ s\rbrace$

satisfies

• $cur(s) ∈ PoLR(U, S ⊸ T)$
• it satisfies the universal property of the exponential

If $w ∈ ℐ(U)$ and $u ∈ ℐ(S)$:

$\underbrace{cur(s)}_{∈ ℐ(U ⊸ (S ⊸ T))} w u = \underbrace{s}_{∈ ℐ(U ⊗ S, T)} (w ⊗ u)$

## $\star$-autonomy

$⊥ = 1$

$η_S: S ⟶ (S ⊸ ⊥) ⊸ ⊥$

defined as

$cur(e) \text{ where } e: S ⊗ (S ⊸ ⊥) \overset{σ}{⟶} (S ⊸ ⊥) ⊗ S \overset{ev}{⟶} ⊥$

Fact:

$η_S = \widehat θ$

where

$θ: S ≃ ((S ⊸ ⊥) ⊸ ⊥)$

$S^{op}$: the preorder is reversed

$S ⊸ ⊥ ≃ S^{op}$

Indeed: $\vert S ⊸ ⊥ \vert = \vert S \vert × \lbrace \ast\rbrace$ where $(a, \ast) ≤_{S ⊸ ⊥} (a', \ast) ⟺ a' ≤_S a$

Let $S^⊥ \; ≝ \; S^{op}$

Then

$S_1 ⅋ S_2 = (S_1^⊥ ⊗ S_2^⊥)^⊥ = S_1 ⊗ S_2$

$(S_i)_{i ∈ I}$

$S = \&_{i ∈ I} S_i = (\bigcup\limits_{i ∈ I} \lbrace i\rbrace × \vert S_i \vert, ≤_S)$ $(i, a) ≤_S (i', a') ⟺ i=i' \text{ and } a ≤_{S_i} a'$ $ℐ(\&_{i ∈ I} S_i) ≅ \prod\limits_{ i ∈ I } ℐ(S_i)$

#### Projections

$pr_i ∈ PoLR(\&_{j ∈ I} S_j, S_i)\\ pr_i \; ≝ \; \lbrace ((i, a'), a) \; \mid \; a, a' ∈ \vert S_i \vert \qquad a ≤_{S_i} a'\rbrace$

Fact:

$fun(pr_i): \begin{cases} \prod\limits_{ j ∈ I } ℐ(S_j) &⟶ ℐ(S_i) \\ \vec{u} &⟼ u_i \end{cases}$

If $(s_i)_{i ∈ I}$, where $s_i ∈ PoLR(T, S_i)$ for $i ∈ I$:

$⟨s_i⟩_{i ∈ I} ∈ PoLR(T, \&_{j ∈ I} S_j)\\ ⟨s_i⟩_{i ∈ I} \; ≝ \; \lbrace (b, (i, a)) \; \mid \;(b, a) ∈ s_i\rbrace$

it is the unique $t ∈ PoLR(T, \&_{j ∈ I} S_j)$ st for all $i ∈ I$:

$\begin{xy} \xymatrix{ T \ar[r]^{ t } \ar[d]_{ s_i } & \&_{j ∈ I} S_j \\ S_i \ar@{<-}[ru]_{pr_i} & } \end{xy}$ $fun(⟨s_i⟩_{i ∈ I}): \begin{cases} ℐ(T) &⟶ ℐ(\&_{j ∈ I} S_j) ≅ \prod\limits_{ j ∈ I } ℐ(S_j) \\ u &⟼ (s_i u)_{i ∈ I} \end{cases}$

Terminal object: $⊤ = \&_{j ∈ ∅} S_j$

$\vert T \vert = (∅, ∅) \text{ is the terminal object}$

### Sum

$\bigoplus\limits_{i ∈ I} S_i = (\&_{i ∈ I} S_i^⊥)^⊥ = \&_{i ∈ I} S_i$

Products and coproduct coincide. Same in linear algebra, but only for finite co/products.

# Scott continuity

$f: ℐ(S) ⟶ ℐ(T)$ is Scott-continuous iff

1. $f$ is monotone
2. for all $D ⊆ ℐ(S)$ directed ($D ≠ ∅$ and $∀ u, u’ ∈ D, ∃ u’’ ∈ D; u, u’ ⊆ u’’$), one has:

$f(\bigcup D) = \bigcup\limits_{u ∈ D} f(u)$
$Tr(f) = \lbrace(u^0, b) \; \mid \; u^0 ⊆_{fin} \vert S \vert, b ∈ \vert T \vert, b ∈ f(↓ u^0)\rbrace$

where

$↓u^0 = \lbrace a ∈ \vert S \vert \; \mid \; ∃ a' ∈ u^0; a ≤_S a'\rbrace$

NB: recall that we had, for linear functions:

$tr(f) = \lbrace (a, b) \; \mid \; a ∈ \vert S \vert, b ∈ f(↓a)\rbrace ⟶ \text{ not the same definition!}$

Fact: $Tr(f) ∈ ℐ(!S ⊸ T)$

where $!S = (𝒫_fin(\vert S \vert), ≤_{!S})$

and

$u^0 ≤_{!S} u^1 ⟺ ↓ u^0 ⊆ ↓ u^1$

that is:

$∀ a ∈ u^0, ∃ a' ∈ u^1; a ≤_S a'$

For instance: $∀ u^0 ∈ \vert !S \vert, ∅ ≤_{!S} u^0$

Example: $S = (\lbrace 1, 2\rbrace, ≤_S)$ where $1 <_S 2$

$!S = (\lbrace ∅, \lbrace 1\rbrace, \lbrace 2\rbrace, \lbrace 1, 2\rbrace\rbrace)$ where

$∅ ≤_{!S} \lbrace 1 \rbrace ≤_{!S} \lbrace 2 \rbrace ≤_{!S} \lbrace 1, 2 \rbrace ≤_{!S} \lbrace 2 \rbrace$

Let $s ∈ ℐ(!S ⊸ T)$.

$Fun(s): \begin{cases} ℐ(S) &⟶ 𝒫( \vert T \vert) \\ u &⟼ \lbrace b ∈ \vert T \vert \; \mid \; ∃ u^0; (u^0, b) ∈ s \text{ and } u^0 ⊆ u\rbrace \end{cases}$

Fact: $Fun(s)(u) ∈ ℐ(T)$ for all $u ∈ ℐ(S)$. $Fun(s)$ is Scott-continuous.

Why? Because: if $D ⊆ ℐ(S)$ directed and $u^0 ⊆ \vert S \vert$ finite then

$u^0 ⊆ \bigcup D ⟺ ∃ u ∈ D \quad u^0 ⊆ u$

$PoC$: the cat of preorders and Scott-continous functions.

$PoC(S, T) \overset{Tr}{⟶} PoLR(!S, T) = ℐ(!S ⊸ T)\\ PoLR(!S, T) = ℐ(!S ⊸ T) \overset{Fun}{⟶} PoC(S, T)$

Fact: $Fun \circ Tr = id$ and $Tr \circ Fun = id$

$Tr(f) ⊆ Tr(f') ⟺ ∀ u ∈ ℐ(S), \quad f(u) ⊆ f'(u)$

Let $u ∈ ℐ(S)$. Define $u^! ∈ ℐ(!S)$.

$u^! \; ≝ \; \lbrace u^0 ∈ \vert !S \vert \; \mid \; \underbrace{u^0 ⊆ u}_{\text{ or } !u^0 ⊆ u \text{ since } u \text{ is an initial segment}} \rbrace$

Indeed, $u^! ∈ ℐ(!S)$, because if $u^0 ∈ u^!$, we have $↓ u^0 ⊆ u$. Let $u^1 ∈ \vert !S \vert$ st $u^1 ≤_{!S} u^0$, that is $↓ u^1 ⊆ ↓ u^0 ⊆ u$, so $↓ u^1 ⊆ u$, and $u^1 ∈ u^!$.

Let $s ∈ PoLR(!S, T)$.

$Fun(s)(u) = su^!$ $Fun(s): \begin{cases} ℐ(S) &⟶ ℐ(T) \\ u &⟼ \lbrace b \; \mid \; ∃ \underbrace{u^0 ⊆ u}_{u^0 ∈ u^!}; (u^0, b) ∈ s \rbrace \end{cases}$

Consequence: $s, s’ ∈ PoLR(!S, T)$:

$s=s' ⟺ ∀ u ∈ ℐ(S), su^! = s' u^!$

Let $s ∈ PoLR(S, T)$. $!s ∈ PoLR(!S, !T)$:

$!s \; ≝ \; \lbrace (u^0, v^0) \; \mid \; ∀ b ∈ v^0, ∃ a ∈ u^0; (a, b) ∈ s\rbrace$

Let’s prove that $!s ∈ PoLR(!S, !T) = ℐ(!S ⊸ !T)$.

Let $(u_0, v_0) ∈ !s$, let $(u_1, v_1) ∈ \vert !S ⊸ !T \vert$ st

$(u_1, v_1) ≤_{!S ⊸ !T} (u_0, v_0)$

Prove that $(u_1, v_1) ∈ !s$. Let $b ∈ v_1$. We have:

$v_1 ≤_{!T} v_0$

so there exists $b’ ∈ v_0$ st $b ≤_T b’$.

But $(u_0, v_0) ∈ !s$, so there exists $a’ ∈ u_0, \; (a’, b’) ∈ s$

We have $u_0 ≤_{!S} u_1 \text{ so } ∃ a ∈ u_1; a' ≤_S a$

As $(a’, b’) ∈ s$, it comes that $(a, b) ∈ s$.

Fact: for all $u ∈ ℐ(S)$, $!s u^! = (su)^!$

$!$ is functorial: $s: S ⟶ T, t: T ⟶ U$

$!(ts) = (!t)(!s)\\ !(ts) u^! = ((ts)u)^! = (t(su))^! = !t (su)^! = (!t)(!s)u^!\\ \, \\ (!id)u^! = (id u)^! = u^! = id u^!\\ ⟹ !id = id$

$der_S ∈ PoLR(!S, S)$:

$der_S \; ≝ \; \lbrace (u^0, a) \; \mid \; ∃ a' ∈ u^0; a ≤_S a'\rbrace$

Recall that in $Coh$: $der_E = \lbrace (\lbrace a\rbrace, a) \; \mid \; a ∈ \vert E \vert\rbrace$

$der_S u^! = u$

And $dig_S ∈ PoLR(!S, !!S)$:

$dig_S \; ≝ \; \lbrace (u^0, U^0) \; ∈ \vert !S \vert × \vert !!S \vert \; \mid \; ∀ u^1 ∈ U^0; u^1 ≤_{!S} u^0\rbrace$

Fact: $∀ u ∈ ℐ(S)$:

$dig_S u^! = u^{!!}$

with the commutativity of

$\begin{xy} \xymatrix{ !S \ar[r]^{dig_S} \ar[d]_{dig_S} & !!S \ar[d]^{dig_{!S}} \\ !!S \ar[r]_{!dig_S} & !!S } \end{xy}$

## Seely isos

$!⊤ \; ≝ \; (\lbrace ∅ \rbrace, =) ≃ 1 \; ≝ \; (\lbrace \ast \rbrace)$ $S = !(S_1 \& S_2)\\ \vert S \vert = 𝒫_{fin}(\lbrace 1\rbrace × \vert S_1\vert ∪ \lbrace 2 \rbrace × \vert S_2 \vert) ≃ 𝒫_{fin}(\vert S_1 \vert) × 𝒫_{fin}(\vert S_2 \vert) = \vert !S_1 ⊗ !S_2 \vert$ $θ: \vert !(S_1 \& S_2) \vert \overset{≃}{⟶} \vert !S_1 ⊗ !S_2 \vert$

$θ$ is a preorder iso between $!(S_1 \& S_2)$ and $!S_1 ⊗ !S_2$.

$\widehat θ$ is the required $m^2_{S_1, S_2}$

$PoLR_!$ is a CCC $PoLR_! ≅ PoC \text{ iso of CCC}$

$PoLR_!$:

• Objects: those of $PoLR$
• Morphisms: $PoLR_!(S, T) = PoLR(!S, T) \overset{Fun}{⟶} PoLR(S,T)\\ PoLR(S,T) \overset{Tr}{⟶} PoLR_!(S, T)$ $s ∈ PoLR_!(S, T) \qquad t ∈ PoLR_!(T, U)\\ t \circ_! s = t (!s) dig_S\\ !S \overset{dig_S}{⟶} !!S \overset{!s}{⟶} !T \overset{t}{⟶} U$

$u ∈ ℐ(S)$

$Fun(t \circ_! s)(u) = (t \circ_! s)u^!\\ = (t (!s) dig_S) u^!\\ = t (!s) u^{!!} = t (su^!)^! = t (Fun(s)(u))^!\\ = Fun(t)(Fun(s)(u))$ $Fun(t \circ_! s) = Fun(t) \circ Fun(s)\\ Fun(der_S)(u) = der_S u^! = u ⟹ Fun(der_S) = id$

So we have the isomorphism

$Φ: \begin{cases} PoLR_! &⟶ PoC \\ S &⟼ S\\ s ∈ PoLR_!(S, T) &⟼ Fun(s)\\ \end{cases}$

# Fixpoints

1. Fixpoints of functions
2. Fixpoints of types

Ex: $N \; ≝ \; (ℕ, =)$ (trivial preorder). Find $S$ such that

$S \;=\; (!(N ⊸ S))^⊥$

Why? We have the strong isomorphism:

$N ≃ 1 ⊕ N$

So

$N ⊸ S ≃ (1 ⊕ N) ⊸ S ≃ S \& (N ⊸ S)$

indeed:

$(1 ⊕ N)^⊥ ⅋ S = (⊥ \& N^⊥) ⅋ S ≃ (⊥ ⅋ S) \& (N^⊥ ⅋ S) ≃ S \& (N ⊸ S)$

Thus:

$!(N ⊸ S) ≃ !(S \& (N ⊸ S)) ≃ !S ⊗ !(N ⊸ S)$

and

$S = (!(N ⊸ S))^⊥ ≃ (!S)^⊥ ⅋ (!(N ⊸ S))^⊥ = (!S)^⊥ ⅋ S = !S ⊸ S$

So $S = D_∞$ is the Scott-model of the pure $λ$-calculus (of $β$ and $η$ rewriting) and of $λμ$-calculus (classical $λ$-calculus).

$F: \begin{cases} Po_{⊆} &⟶ Po_{⊆} \\ S &⟼ (!(N ⊸ S))^⊥ \end{cases}$

$D_∞$ is the least fixpoint of $F$:

$∅ ⊆ F(∅) ⊆ F^2(∅) ⊆ ⋯$

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