Isothetic regions
Isothetic regions
- Isothetic region $X ⊆ \vert G \vert^n$:
-
it admits a finite block covering
Prop: A subset $X ⊆ \vert G \vert^n$ is an isothetic region iff the collection of maximal subblocks of $X$ is finite and covers $X$.
Isothetic regions form a Booelan algebra (they’re stable under complement and intersection, and $X ∪ Y = (X^c ∩ Y^c)^c$)
Isothetic regions are stable under interior and closure too.
Factoring isothetic regions
Let
be compatible programs.
Then they are model independent iff
Now, the converse: assume
is a family of conservative processes. Question: does there exist a permutation $σ ∈ 𝔖(n)$ such that
? Answer: there is an (exponential) algorithm computing it.
Coming back to observational independence
Consider the program
sem 1 a
Pa Va | Pa Va
(cf. picture)
Only two execution traces: Pa, Va (first process), Pa, Va (second process)
and Pa, Va (second process), Pa, Va (first process)
Swapping the first Va
with the second Pa
is not possible (even thought the permutation is compatible since it pertains two different processes) ⟹ not observationally equivalent
On the other hand:
x = 1 | x = 1
are observationally equivalent, since you can swap the two instructions and get the same state at the end
x = 1 | x = 0
are not observationally equivalent, since you can swap the two instructions but not get the same state at the end
Suppose
is an isothetic region.
where each $B_i ⊆ \vert G \vert$ is connected
Let $Σ$ be the alphabet of connected subsets of $\vert G \vert$.
The isothetic region exactly corresponds to a language over $Σ$. The alphabet may be uncountable, but the language is finite.
D(\lbrace a \rbrace) (the monoid of languages over $\lbrace a \rbrace$) is not free commutative, since
so the decomposition of $a^\ast$ is not unique. But note that $\lbrace ε, a \rbrace \cdot a^\ast$ is not homogeneous (= all the words have the same length).
If
then
Since if
- $H_1’ = σ_1 H_1$
- $H_2’ = σ_2 H_2$
then
Godement exchange law: used to show that some operation is sound with respect to some equivalence
NB: non-empty: because $∅$ is an absorbing element
-
In the first case, a word is a point $∈ \vert G \vert^n$
-
In the second one, a word is a block
A subset corresponding to an isothetic region in the first corresponds to a finite language in the second one.
The order in the first one is the equality, so that
is the inclusion order.
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